Hard Water (1959)

Discusses the properties and reactions of alkaline earth metals: calcium, barium, and strontium. It describes experiments demonstrating their reactions with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, highlighting the solubility differences of their sulfates. The text also covers the formation of colored flames when these metals are heated, the precipitation of calcium carbonate from calcium hydroxide, and the effects of hard water containing calcium and magnesium ions. It explains the concept of hardness in water, distinguishing between permanent and temporary hardness, and describes methods for measuring and removing hardness using ion exchange resins and titration techniques.

Keywords:
calcium, barium, strontium, alkaline earth metals, hydroxides, carbonates, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, solubility, sulfates, colored flames, calcium carbonate, hard water, hardness, temporary hardness, permanent hardness, ion exchange resin, titration, phenolphthalein, soap, precipitate, calcium hydroxide, copper ammonia complex.

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